AJSM - 2026-08-14 - Journal Article
Changes in ACL T2* Metrics Over the Course of the Female Menstrual Cycle: A New Biomarker for the ACL Injury Risk?
Argentieri E, Hamilton TW, Koff MF, Koch KM, Potter HG
Topics
Key Takeaway
Eumenorrheic women show a significant 1.0 ms increase in ACL long T2* from preovulatory to postovulatory phase (P=.015, Cohen d=0.51), while anovulatory controls show no temporal change, implicating hormone-driven tissue hydration shifts as a measurable ACL vulnerability biomarker.
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Summary
This study used 3D UTE T2* MRI at 4 evenly spaced time points across one menstrual cycle to quantify ACL collagen/water content changes in 10 eumenorrheic women versus 15 anovulatory controls (6 postmenopausal, 9 OCP users). Eumenorrheic participants demonstrated significantly shorter preovulatory versus postovulatory long T2* values (mean difference 1.0 ms, 95% CI 0.2–1.9 ms, P=.015, Cohen d=0.51), consistent with increased tissue hydration and altered collagen organization in the postovulatory phase. Anovulatory controls showed no significant T2* variation across equivalent time points, confirming the hormonal mechanism rather than a time effect.
Key Limitation
The sample of 10 eumenorrheic participants is too small to determine whether the magnitude of T2* change correlates with mechanical laxity, injury history risk factors, or sport-specific loading demands.
Original Abstract
BACKGROUND
Sex-based disparities in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk may be partly explained by cyclic variations in sex hormones that drive systemic shifts in tissue osmoregulation. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) T2 * magnetic resonance imaging provides a noninvasive, quantitative means of evaluating the water content and collagen orientation in tissue.
HYPOTHESIS
Eumenorrheic female participants will exhibit significant ACL T2 * changes across the cycle, while anovulatory control participants will demonstrate no significant changes over time.
STUDY DESIGN
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.
METHODS
A total of 25 women with no prior knee injuries were enrolled: 10 premenopausal, eumenorrheic participants and 15 anovulatory control participants (6 postmenopausal and 9 premenopausal using oral contraceptives). Bilateral knee magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 4 time points evenly spaced over 1 month, with the first visit within 24 hours of menses onset. Ovulation status was confirmed using commercially available ovulation predictor kits. Three-dimensional UTE sequences (11 echoes; 0.03-25 ms) were acquired to evaluate bicomponent ACL T2 * metrics. Linear mixed-effects models assessed temporal differences in long and short T2 * values, and the Cohen d quantified effect size.
RESULTS
Eumenorrheic participants demonstrated significantly shorter preovulatory long T2 * values compared with postovulatory values (mean difference, 1.0 ms [95% CI, 0.2-1.9 ms]; P = .015; Cohen d = 0.51). No significant temporal differences were observed for any T2 * metric in anovulatory controls.
CONCLUSION
Eumenorrheic female participants exhibited significant preovulatory to postovulatory changes in ACL T2 * metrics, while anovulatory controls demonstrated no significant changes over time. These findings suggest that ACL T2 * metrics are sensitive to cyclic fluctuations in female sex hormones across the menstrual cycle.